SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Autocoder</title>

</head>

Autocoder

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the IBM Autocoder assemblers. For the generic term used in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s for a family of "simplified coding systems", see <a href="Autocode" title="Autocode">Autocode</a>.</div>

Autocoder is any of a group of <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assemblers</a> for a number of <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> of the 1950s and 1960s.

The first Autocoders appear to have been the earliest assemblers to provide a <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> facility.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

Both autocoder, and the unrelated <a href="Autocode" title="Autocode">autocode</a>, a term of the same era used in the <a href="UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> for languages of a higher level, derive from the phrase <a href="Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">automatic coding</a>. This referred generally to programs which eased the burden of producing the numeric <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a> codes of programs.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> "Autocoding" is seen occasionally, and can refer to any kind of programming system. In some circles "autocoder" could be used generically to refer to what is now called a macro-assembler.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The first Autocoders were released in 1955 for the <a href="IBM_702" title="IBM 702">IBM 702</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and in 1956 for the almost compatible <a href="IBM_705" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 705">IBM 705</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

They were designed by Roy Goldfinger who earlier had worked on <a href="New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>'s (NYU) NYAP assembler.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> These machines were <a href="Variable_word_length_(computer_hardware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable word length (computer hardware)">variable word length</a> commercial machines, as were many of the computers for which an Autocoder was released.

Besides the 702 and 705, there eventually also were Autocoders for the <a href="IBM_1410" title="IBM 1410">IBM 1410</a> and <a href="IBM_7010" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7010">7010</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<a href="IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030</a> (Stretch), <a href="IBM_7070" title="IBM 7070">7070/7072/7074</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<a href="IBM_7080" title="IBM 7080">IBM 7080</a>,

and the <a href="IBM_1400_series" title="IBM 1400 series">IBM 1400 series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autocoder_as_implemented_on_the_IBM_1401">Autocoder as implemented on the IBM 1401</h2></div>

<a href="Symbolic_Programming_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic Programming System">Symbolic Programming System</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (SPS), was the assembler offered when IBM originally announced <a href="IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">1401</a> as a punched-card-only computer. SPS had different mnemonics and a different fixed input format from Autocoder. It lacked Autocoder's features and was generally used later only on machines that lacked tape drives, that is, punched-card only.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-THVV-16">[16]</a>

1401 Autocoder<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> is the most well known Autocoder, undoubtedly due in part to the general success of that series of machines. Autocoder was the primary language of this computer, and its macro capabilities facilitated use of the <a href="Input/Output_Control_System" title="Input/Output Control System">Input/Output Control System</a> which eased the programming burden.

<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Autocoder also had the ability to process code written for SPS.

The 1401 was available in six memory configurations, with 1400, 2000, 4000, 8000, 12000, or 16000 six-bit characters. The 8000-character model was the minimum needed to run the full Autocoder assembler application, including IOCS. However a language subset assembler was available for use with as little as 1400 memory positions. A loadable <a href="Object_file" title="Object file">object file</a>, on punched cards or magnetic tape, could be produced on an 8000-character model which could then be run on a 4000-character machine. The limited language subset only processed punched cards and required 4 passes with intermediate punched card outputs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div>

The popularity of Autocoder inspired other assemblers. ‘’Easycoder’’ for the <a href="Honeywell_200" title="Honeywell 200">Honeywell 200</a>, a computer similar to the 1401, resembled Autocoder. Other manufacturers sometimes built competing products, such as <a href="NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a>'s "National's Electronic Autocoder Technique" (NEAT).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

The Pennsylvania State University developed a "Dual Autocoder Fortran Translator" (DAFT) compiler for the IBM 7074 in the 1960s which made it extremely easy to write (within a single program) lines of autocoder instructions freely interspersed with lines of Fortran code. This allowed symbolic machine instruction level coding within a higher level Fortran program, which was especially useful for optimizing the speed of inner loops, or for making use of the IBM 7074's unusual decimal word architecture.

<a href="Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> developed a program called "Peripheral Equipment Symbolic Translator" (PEST), which was a 1401 cross-assembler that ran on the <a href="IBM_709" title="IBM 709">709</a>/<a href="IBM_700/7000_series#Later_scientific_architecture_(704/709/7090/7094)" title="IBM 700/7000 series">709x</a> and accepted a subset of 1401 Autocoder.<a href="#cite_note-THVV-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

A copy of the source programs for SPS-1, SPS-2 and Autocoder was donated to the <a href="Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, <a href="University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in 1985, by <a href="Gary_Mokotoff" title="Gary Mokotoff">Gary Mokotoff</a>, author of SPS and coauthor of Autocoder.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Solomon 1993, p. 8.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hopper 1955.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> For an example see Allen 1981, p. 540.

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxshAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA305">Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1956</a>. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. 1957. p. 305. Retrieved 2019-08-23.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/705/22-6726-1_autocoder_Feb57.pdf">705 autocoder system - manual of information</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (Second ed.), IBM Corporation, February 1957, 22-6726-1</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Goldfinger 1956.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=2989">The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916104501/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=2989">Archived</a> September 16, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1410/C28-0309-1_1410_autocoder.pdf">IBM 1410 Autocoder</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (Second ed.), IBM Corporation, February 1964, C28-0309-1</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1410/C28-0326-2_1410_OS_Autocoder.pdf">IBM 1410/700 Operating System (1410-PR-155) - Autocoder - 1410-AU-968</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (Third ed.), IBM Corporation, November 1964, C28-0336-2</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7070/C28-6102-1_7070_Four_Tape_Autocoder_Apr61.pdf">Reference Manual - IBM 7070/7074 Four-Tape Autocoder</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (Second ed.), IBM Corporation, April 1961, C28-6102-1</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7070/C28-6121-0_7070autocoder_61.pdf">Reference Manual - IBM 7070 Series Programming Systems - Autocoder</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (First ed.), IBM Corporation, 1961, C28-6121-0</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7070/C28-6121-0_7070autocoder_61.pdf">Reference Manual - IBM 7080 Programming Systems - 7080 Processor: Autocoder Language</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (First ed.), IBM Corporation, 1962, C28-6263</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> 7010: Weik 1964, p. 0160; 7030:<cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/ibm/stretch/">"IBM Stretch (aka IBM 7030 Data Processing System)"</a></cite>, <cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgo.org/cgo2003/keynote/FranAllenCGO.pdf">"Compilers and Computers: Partners in Performance"</a> (PDF)</cite>; 7070: <cite id="CITEREFTom_Van_Vleck" class="citation web cs2">Tom Van Vleck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/thvv/7070.html">"The IBM 7070"</a>, A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems</cite>, <cite id="CITEREFMartin_H._Weik" class="citation web cs2">Martin H. Weik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-ibm7070.html">"IBM 7070"</a>, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland</cite>; 7080: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/052/ibmsj0502B.pdf">[1]</a>; 1400 series: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820215557/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/dpd50/dpd50_chronology2.html">[2]</a>, <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1410/C28-0309-1_1410_autocoder.pdf">1410 Autocoder</a> (PDF)</cite>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/J28-200-1_IBM_1401_Symbolic_Programming_System_Preliminary_Specifications_Jan60.pdf">IBM 1401 SYMBOLIC PROGRAMMING SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATIONS</a> (PDF), IBM, 1960, J28-200-1</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThelen" class="citation web cs1">Thelen, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/ibm-1401.html">"IBM-1401"</a>. Retrieved 2020-03-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-THVV-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THVV_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-THVV_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFVan_Vleck" class="citation web cs1">Van Vleck, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multicians.org/thvv/1401s.html">"1401s I have known"</a>. multicians.org. Retrieved 2020-03-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/C24-3319-0_Autocoder_on_Tape_Laguage_Specifications_and_Operating_Procedures_Nov64.pdf">Autocoder (on Tape) Language Specifications and Operating Procedures IBM 1401 and 1460 Program 1401-AU-037</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (First ed.), IBM Corporation, November 1964, C24-3319-0</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/C24-3258-2_Disk_Autocoder_Specifications_Apr66.pdf">Autocoder (on Disk) Language Specifications IBM 1401, 1440, and 1460</a> (PDF), IBM Systems Reference Library (Third ed.), IBM Corporation, April 1966, C24-3258-2</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/IBM.1440.1962.102646251.pdf">Executive Guide to the IBM 1440 Data Processing System</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-08.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Solomon 1993, p. 8

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070917100201/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp=3872">"The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp%3D3872">the original</a> on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2007-03-18.</cite>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Weik 1964, p. 0202.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation1962" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/pgmCatalog/C20-8090_Catalog_of_Programs_for_IBM_Data_Processing_Systems_KWIC_Index_Apr62.pdf">Catalog of Programs for IBM Data Processing Systems KWIC Index</a> (PDF). p. 248. Retrieved 2020-03-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/3/resources/231">Gary Mokotoff Collection of IBM 1401 Program Listings, 1959-1961</a></cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Allen, F. E., "The history of language processor technology at IBM", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), pp. 535–548 (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/255/ibmrd2505Q.pdf">[3]</a></li>

<li>Goldfinger, Roy, "The IBM Type 705 Autocoder". Proceedings East Joint Computer Conf., San Francisco, 1956.</li>

<li>Hopper, Grace, "Automatic Coding for Digital Computers" in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc., 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/univac/HopperAutoCodingPaper_1955.pdf">[4]</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1993" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, David (February 1993). Chivers, Ian D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf">Assemblers and Loaders</a> (PDF). Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications (1 ed.). Chicester, West Sussex, UK: <a href="Ellis_Horwood_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Horwood Limited">Ellis Horwood Limited</a> / <a href="Simon_%26_Schuster_International_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon & Schuster International Group">Simon & Schuster International Group</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-052564-2</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323010358/http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2008-10-01.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/AssemAd.html">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/7326575/Assembly-Language">[6]</a> (xiv+294+4 pages)</li>

<li>Weik, Martin H., A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems,BRL Report No. 1227, January 1964 (Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-i.html">[7]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/17065/IBM-1401-Autocoder-specifications/">IBM 1401 Autocoder Specifications J24-1434-2</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/ibm/1410/C28-0309-1_1410_autocoder.pdf">1964 IBM 1410 Autocoder manual from Bitsavers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-assembler-(1401-autocoder)-1071.html">IBM 1401 Autocoder example</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox789" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010058">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117366&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295711305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Autocoder&oldid=1242248701">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>